Volume 12 | Issue 4

 Abstract

Laminate veneers have become a popular and minimally invasive solution for achieving highly aesthetic dental restorations. The longevity and success of these restorations are largely dependent on the quality and durability of the bonding interface between the veneer and tooth structure. Bonding protocols have evolved significantly with advancements in adhesive technology, offering greater predictability and clinical success. The bonding process involves multiple critical steps: proper tooth surface preparation, internal veneer surface treatment, adhesive application, and resin cementation under controlled conditions. Enamel etching with phosphoric acid remains the gold standard for enhancing micromechanical retention. Selective enamel etching is now commonly practiced to reduce postoperative sensitivity while maintaining strong enamel bonds. Dentin, if exposed, requires gentle handling with compatible adhesive systems to ensure integrity of the hybrid layer. Universal adhesives, which can be used in total-etch, self-etch, or selective-etch modes, have simplified clinical protocols without compromising effectiveness. Surface treatment of ceramic veneers, typically lithium disilicate, includes hydrofluoric acid etching followed by silane application, which enhances chemical bonding to resin cements. Light-cure resin cements are generally preferred for veneers due to superior colour stability and working time.

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 Keywords

Tooth preparation, veneer preparation, etching, bonding, laminate veneers.

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"STRATEGIC DRIVERS OF EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN CORPORATES: INTEGRATING CONCEPTUAL INSIGHTS AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS" ABSTRACT: Employee engagement has emerged as a critical driver of organizational effectiveness, influencing productivity, innovation, and retention. This study explores the strategic drivers of employee engagement in corporate organizations by integrating conceptual insights with empirical evidence. Drawing on existing literature, the research identifies leadership support, transparent communication, organizational culture, career development, and recognition as key enablers of engagement. To validate these drivers, primary data were collected from 200 employees working in private sector organizations in Bangalore. Quantitative techniques, including regression and factor analysis, were employed to examine the relationship between strategic practices and engagement outcomes. The findings reveal that leadership effectiveness and open communication channels play a central role in enhancing trust and commitment, while career development opportunities and recognition systems significantly boost motivation and long-term engagement. A supportive culture further strengthens employee loyalty and reduces attrition. The study provides practical implications for corporate managers and HR professionals, emphasizing the need to design engagement strategies aligned with workforce expectations. By bridging conceptual frameworks with empirical validation, this research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on employee engagement in emerging economies and highlights strategic practices that can sustain competitive advantage.

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Keywords: Employee Engagement, Corporate Strategies, Leadership Support, Organizational Culture, Career Development

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"Nomophobia" (no mobile phobia) represents the discomfort or anxiety associated with being without a mobile phone. It contributes to stress among individuals, intensified by the constant connectivity expected in modern technological settings. Nomophobia, coupled with the demands of teaching, adds an extra layer of stress, potentially impacting teachers' well-being and their interactions with students. Addressing teacher stress is being crucial for creating a positive learning environment, this cross-sectional study found out the prevalence of nomophobia among 307 prospective teachers of Kerala. Nomophobia was measured by using NMP-Q and it was found that 64.2 percent of prospective teachers have moderate level of nomophobia, where as 8.8 percent report to be severely nomophobic. Nomophobia is not significantly associated with sex, marital status, domicile, type of management and qualification (P > .05), but with the locality of respondents (P <= .05). The prevalence of nomophobia among prospective teachers is very high. No significant correlation between nomophobia and usage time was found among prospective teachers.

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 Keywords

Nomophobia, Prospective teachers, Use of smartphones

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The integration of Indic Musicology into contemporary pedagogy presents unique possibilities for Teaching India through Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS). Among its various dimensions, the concept of Raga embodies a profound spiritual and cultural essence that can transform classroom teaching into a holistic learning experience. This paper emphasizes the theme of Integrating Raga into Contemporary Education through IKS and explores how music, as both knowledge and practice, can empower educators. Raga, rooted in the philosophy of Nada-Brahma (sound as divinity), transcends entertainment and functions as a pedagogical tool for cultivating mindfulness, creativity, and values-based education. The experiential quality of raga, with its capacity to evoke rasa (aesthetic emotion), aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP 2020) that advocates multidisciplinary, culturally grounded, and holistic learning frameworks (Ministry of Education, 2020). Furthermore, the transmission of raga can nurture emotional intelligence and spiritual awareness, bridging cognitive learning with inner development. By incorporating raga into educational spaces, educators not only preserve India's rich musical heritage but also empower learners with an embodied understanding of cultural identity. Thus, raga as an IKS-based pedagogy redefines teaching as a process that harmonizes intellect, aesthetics, and consciousness.

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Indic Knowledge Systems (IKS); Raga pedagogy; Nada-Brahma; Aesthetic and spiritual dimensions of music; National Education Policy (NEP 2020); Holistic education; Indian musicology

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The combined effect of Zinc (Zn) and Boron (B) fertilization with Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium (NPK) on rice (Oryza sativa L.) var.IET 5882, was investigated in a field experiment conducted during the kharif season for two years, at Sagara taluk, Shimoga district, Kamataka state,India Seven treatments, including control, recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF, 120 : 80 : 60 N,P, K kg/ha), and RDF with ZnSO? (6-18 kg/ha),ZnSO4(6-18kg/ha) + Boron(4 kg/ha),their combination were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Combined Zn and B with NPK significantly enhanced growth and yield parameters, with plant height (126.66 cm), tiller count(23.66), number of leaves(63.59)., compared to NPK alone at harvesting time. Grain yield increased by 65.76 (q/ha), driven by higher panicle density , grains weight/panicle 4.16 (g), grain weight/hill 26.10(g) and 1000-grain weight 25.16 (g). These results highlight the synergistic role of Zn and B with NPK in addressing micronutrient deficiencies, enhancing nutrient use efficiency, and boosting rice productivity in Zn- and B-deficient soils, with implications for sustainable intensification.

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Rice, micronutrients, NPK, Zn, B, RDF.

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Pain is defined as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage"1. Ruja (pain) is considered a synonym of Roga (disease). According to Acharya Sushruta, "Vatat Rute Nasti Ruja" which translates to "there is no pain without Vata" establishing Vata dosha as the fundamental cause of all types of pain manifestations. Gridhrasi, classified as a Vata nanatmaja vyadhi2 (disease originating due to imbalance of Vata), is characterized by progressive pain radiating through Sphik (hip), Kati (lower back), Prushtha (back), Uru (thigh), Janu (knee) and Pada (foot) in sequential order3. This clinical presentation closely parallels sciatica in modern medical science, involving pain along the distribution of the sciatic nerve. Contemporary conventional treatments primarily focus on symptomatic relief through analgesics, anti-inflammatory medications and physiotherapy; however, these approaches often have significant limitations including temporary relief, potential adverse effects, and failure to address the underlying pathophysiology. Viddhagnikarma involves piercing the most tender areas with multiple Suchis4 transmitting heat through conduction method was implemented as the primary therapeutic intervention, to provide immediate pain relief and managing the disease with systematic monitoring of pain levels, functional improvement and overall quality of life parameters. Rasna Saptaka Kashayam 5, a potent blend of herbs was advised as an internal medication in divided dosage. This case report demonstrates the clinical efficacy of a minimally invasive Ayurvedic protocol incorporating Viddhagnikarma in the comprehensive management of Gridhrasi, emphasizing its potential as an effective, safe and holistic alternative to conventional pain management strategies. Although there is no direct reference to Viddhagnikarma in classical texts, clinical practice and previous studies have shown promising results in vatavyadhis, including Gridhrasi. By targeting specific tender points, Viddhagnikarma may offer a minimally invasive, cost-effective solution for managing sciatica. The findings support the potential of Ayurveda to provide effective, sustainable and patient-centered care for neuro-skeletal painful conditions, particularly in cases where conventional treatments have shown limited success.

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Viddhaagnikarma, Gridhrasi, Suchi, Pain.

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This study explores the attitude of young women towards celebrity-endorsed advertisements and online customer reviews. The purpose of this dissertation is to determine if Instagram influencer posts have an impact on the purchasing decisions of young adult women. Today, young women aged 18-23 years are greatly influenced by online customer reviews and endorsements when making purchases. With the growth of social media and e-commerce sites, these consumers experience a plethora of information and recommendations related to products and services. The findings suggest that online customer reviews have a greater influence on developing perceptions of products and services, purchasing intent, and brand selection than celebrity endorsements. This research advances the understanding of consumer behaviour and marketing communication strategies and is particularly relevant for digital marketing.

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online customer reviews, celebrity endorsements, consumer behaviour, young women, purchasing decisions

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ABSTRACT- Silver Sodium Niobate Ag0.2Na0.8NbO3 (ANN) ceramic pellets had been synthesized by using solid state reaction approach to examine the impedance and ferroelectric properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) established the structure of specimen to be perovskite orthorhombic. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) confirmed presence of grans with different size. Impedance analysis indicated a decrease in both real (Z') & imaginary (Z") part of impedance with rise in frequency as well as rise in temperature. Nyquist plot depicted that grain boundaries contribute dominantly over grains to conduction process. Moderate polarization & high coercive field observed in ferroelectric measurement revealed use of sample in making non-volatile memory devices.

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Keywords- perovskite, impedance, ferroelectric, polarization

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Although it seems that there are numerous medications available for the treatment of systemic and superficial mycoses, there are actually just a few effective antifungal medications for invasive fungal infections and dermatomycoses caused by fungal species with even modest virulence. Fungi may be classified as yeasts or moulds according to their appearance and means of growth. Examples of yeasts are Candida and Cryptococcus Spp., while moulds include Aspergillus spp., the dermatophytes and, and the Mucorales fungi are termed dimorphic they appear to be yeast like in the host, but grow as moulds in-vitro. There are several classes of antifungals which are polyene, imidazole, triazole, thiazole, allylamines, echinocandins etc. As fungal cells are similar to human cells (both are eukaryotes) targeting is difficult and so it may lead to some side effects. . The identification of novel antifungal chemicals from medicinal plants has been made possible by the efforts of several researchers, especially those from nations with abundant biodiversity.

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Fungal Infection, Topical, Candida, Clotrimazole, Resistance

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Empowerment of women has emerged as an important issue in our society in recent times. The economic empowerment of women is being regarded these days as a sine-qua-non progress for a country. Women's empowerment is very essential for the development of society. Women are better known as half of the humanity has long been neglected in their role as beneficiaries in the process of development. So also, the role of tribal women in rural economy is determined by the overall socio-economic, cultural situations and it is true especially in developing countries. Tribal women's participation in local government is an important issue that has gained increasing attention in recent years. Historically, tribal women have faced multiple forms of discrimination and marginalization, which have prevented them from participating fully in decision-making processes. However, with the growing recognition of women's rights and gender equality, there has been a push to promote and support the participation of tribal women in local government. Through their participation, tribal women can help ensure that their voices are heard and their perspectives are taken into account in policy-making and implementation. These barriers include lack of education, limited access to resources, cultural norms that restrict women's mobility and participation in public life, and discrimination based on gender and ethnicity. This paper focuses on the socio-economic status of tribal women in general and in this paper the researcher makes an attempt to assess and examine the situation of tribal women in India having different historical experiences, social organizations, cultural values, religious identities, economic systems and degrees of exposure to modernization and commercialization. The researcher also makes a study on empowerment of tribal women and protection of their rights and conditions in the present society.

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empowerment, rights, tribal women, society.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Educational equity, BRICS nations, policy insights, inclusive education, socio-economic disparities, Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 4), digital education, affirmative action, public-private partnerships.

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The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) faces significant economic challenges, particularly in the management of fiscal policies, which are essential for financing public services and supporting growth. These challenges include corruption, administrative inefficiency, and a fragile institutional framework. The Congolese Control Office (OCC) plays a key role in advocating for transparency and accountability in public finance management. Assessing the effectiveness of fiscal policies in the DRC is complicated by the collection of reliable data and a lack of trust in fiscal institutions. However, the OCC can help overcome these challenges through training and discussions on fiscal reforms. The study identifies opportunities to improve domestic resource mobilization and offers recommendations to enhance transparency and tax fairness. Previous research highlights the importance of participatory governance and the use of digital technologies to improve tax collection. Despite the challenges posed by poverty and market informality, well-designed tax policies could contribute to sustainable economic growth and better resource redistribution. A rigorous evaluation of fiscal policies is crucial to transforming the tax system in the DRC into a lever for sustainable development. Recommendations include strengthening institutional capacity, improving tax data collection, and promoting citizen participation.

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Evaluation, fiscal policies, challenges, opportunities, OCC

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